第四條註釋 |
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第1部分: 《舊金山和平條約》第4(b)條規定,就《舊金山和平條約》第2條和第3條領土而言,日本和日本國民的財產處置須經美國軍政府(USMG)決定。 |
琉球島群和台灣的條約規格比較 |
項 目 | SFPT 對琉球的規定 |
SFPT 對台灣的規定 |
美國是(主要)佔領權國 | 第 23(a)條 | 第 23(a)條 |
原「擁有者」確實割讓出(亦稱 "放棄")了該領土 | 第 3條 | 第 2(b)條 |
沒有指定「收受國」(即 "懸空割讓") | 第 3 條 | 第 2(b)條 |
美國軍政府對該領土擁有處置、處分的權利 | 第 4(b)條 | 第 4(b)條 |
軍政府存在,軍事佔領已成為事實 | 第 4(b)條 和海牙公約(1907 年) | 第 4(b)條 和海牙公約(1907 年) |
在和平條約生效後,美軍政府的管轄權仍在繼續 | 第 4(b)條、第 23(a)條 和美國最高法院 Cross v. Harrison (1853年) 案的裁決 | 第 4(b)條、第 23(a)條 和美國最高法院 Cross v. Harrison (1853年) 案的裁決 |
第二十三條註釋 | |
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第1部分: 第23(a)條確認,根據條約的地理範圍,美國是該和平條約生效後,對於仍處於軍事佔領(又名「美國軍政府的民政治理體系」)之下的所有領土的主要佔領權國。條約第2條和第3條規定的領土已經從日本的「母國」分離出來,因此,正如上文第4(b)條的註釋所解釋的,對這些地區行使管轄權的軍政府並沒有隨著和平條約的生效而結束。關於這一原則的更詳細的解釋可以在美國最高法院的具體案例中找到,從Cross v. Harrison,57 U.S. 164(1853年)開始,並在Dooley v. U.S.,182 U.S. 222(1901年),Santaigo v. Nogueras,214 U.S. 260(1909年)等案例中得到重申。
共管區:
總結一下前面所說的內容: |
中華人民共和國的一部分
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根據一個中國政策,一些人否認美國和台灣之間有任何長期的法律關係,而強烈主張美國政府早已完全承認台灣屬於中國:即中華人民共和國。然而,事實並非如此。 美國政府從未承認台灣已被納入或屬於中華人民共和國的國家領土。事實上,美國的官員已經多次發表相關聲明。讀者如欲得到更多資訊,請見「參考資料」網頁上的 中國/台灣:「一個中國」政策的演變 網頁。 |
中華民國對台灣執行的權力 |
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早在1971年04月下旬的新聞發佈會上,美國國務院發言人說過:「我們基於中華民國軍隊已經代表勝利的同盟國接受福爾摩沙投降的事實,認為中華民國對台灣和澎湖群島行使合法統治。」 |
Footnotes: 註節: (1) Military government is the form of administration by which an occupying power exercises governmental authority over occupied territory. The US Constitution has placed no limit upon the war powers of the government, but they are regulated and limited by the laws of war. One of these powers is the right to institute military governments. (2) 1907 Hague Conventions IV. [Annex] Hague Regulations "Regulations Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land," Article 42: "Territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army." In 1946 the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal stated with regard to the Hague Convention on Land Warfare of 1907: "The rules of land warfare expressed in the Convention undoubtedly represented an advance over existing International Law at the time of their adoption . . . but by 1939 these rules . . . were recognized by all civilized nations and were regarded as being declaratory of the laws and customs of war." In other words, the 1907 Hague Conventions and their accompanying Regulations are binding on all nations. (3) On Nov. 28, 1950 (nearly fourteen months after the founding of the PRC on Oct. 1, 1949), Mr. Wu Hsiu-chuan, representative of the Central People’s Government of the PRC, delivered a lengthy speech in the United Nations Security Council, regarding the armed aggression of the United States’ in its invasion and military occupation of Taiwan. Official Records of the Security Council,
Fifth Year, 527th Meeting, Nov. 28, 1950 (4) INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY STUDY, Series A, LIMITS IN THE SEAS, No. 43, STRAIGHT BASELINES: PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. July 1, 1972. quote: "The Taiwan and Penghu areas are still occupied by the United States by armed force." Re-Issued by the Geographer,
US Dept. of State, Bureau of
Intelligence and Research. 由美國國務院地理學家,情報和研究局,重新發佈。 A statement issued on September 4 by the PRC Government declared a 12-mile limit for Chinese territorial waters. The final paragraph reads: "The Taiwan and Penghu areas are still occupied by the United States by armed force. This is an unlawful encroachment on the territorial integrity and sovereignty of the People’s Republic of China. Taiwan, Penghu and such other areas are yet to be recovered, and the Government of the People’s Republic of China has the right to recover these areas by all suitable means at a suitable time. This is China’s internal affair, in which no foreign interference is tolerated."
台灣和澎湖地區現在仍然被美國武力侵佔,這是侵犯中華人民共和國領土完整的和主權的非法行為。台灣和澎湖等地尚待收復,中華人民共和國政府有權採取一切適當的方法在適當的時候,收復這些地區,這是中國的內政,不容外國干涉。 English text is in American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1958, p. 1199.
history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/ https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v19/d66 (5) Condominium is defined as: a territory over which joint sovereignty, and/or concurrent sovereignty, is exercised by several states. (6) Czyzak Memorandum, US Department of State, Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for Far Eastern Affairs (L/FE - John J. Czyzak) to Mr. Abram Chayes, Legal Adviser, Feb. 3, 1961. Subject: "Legal Status of Formosa (Taiwan) and the Pescadores Islands (Penghu)." (7) Starr Memorandum, US Department of State. Memorandum from the Assistant Legal Adviser for East Asia and the Pacific (L/EA - Robert I. Starr) to the Director of the Office of Republic of China Affairs (Charles T. Sylvester), July 13, 1971. Subject: "Legal Status of Taiwan." |
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